Movement of Mothers of Khavaran

“Mothers of Khavaran” has become a generic term applying to all mothers who have lost their loved ones during 1980s atrocities ordered by the leaders of The IRI.  Originally this term referred to mothers who lost their left-leaning sons and daughters executed during the massacre of the political prisoners in the Summer of 1988 and […]

Social Movements in Iran

Social Movements in Iran Babak Emad Many scholars and theorists have sought to develop comprehensive theories to explain the mechanisms of social changes and transformation. Among these, Karl Marx is the most renowned. Together with Engels, Marx begins his explanation of the historical transformations of human societies with premises that are neither arbitrary nor dogmatic […]

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